Race Conflict in “Remember the Titans” Essay

In the film Remember the Titans Gerry and Julius attempted to defeat racial issues and in the end settled their superfluous clash. They came to build up a stunning companionship based on trust and regard. They in the long run figured out how to welcome the significance of believing a man for who they are as an individual as opposed to the shade of their skin. Right off the bat in the film Gerry and Julius would not recognize each other, they resembled adversaries. At the point when they took a gander at one another it was with both disdain and dread. The two of them experienced their own different lives, with their own race, and would not connect with the other. In the event that they conveyed in a common way with the other race it resembled submitting a terrible sin. They rewarded each other with such obliviousness and scorn. They couldn’t stand each another and detested the manner in which the other one acted. Most of the time they moved toward their contention with evasion. Evasion can be described as, â€Å"denial of the contention, changing and maintaining a strategic distance from points, being hesitant, and kidding instead of managing the contention at hand† (pg. 138). They would not like to work out their disparities. Rather they decided to stay away from the subject and not manage the way that they were of an alternate race. At the point when both Gerry and Julius discovered that they would have been on a similar football crew they didn’t need to think about how conceivable it is. They were both so intolerant and difficult which brought about neither seeing the opposite side of things. It appeared to be unimaginable for these two players to become friendsâ and disregard their bigotry. As they developed as grown-ups and closer they turned into, the more they disregarded their disparities and the more they protected their kinship. They were too resolved to even think about letting their colleagues keep them down. They would end up being incredible companions and good examples for their group and the network. A significant part of the thing that matters was overwhelmed by exchange. From the start they had almost no yet after some time they had the option to become together. â€Å"Dialogue contrasts from common discussion on the grounds that in spite of the fact that you may disdain what the other individual promoters, you despite everything tune in and work to esteem the person† (pg. 232). Their abhorrences transformed into likes and their strange discussion transformed into cozy discussion. When Gerry and Julius viewed themselves as siblings they understood the amount they intended to one another and they were so regarded and glad to be a genuine companion to one another. This was unbelievable, yet the issue was that on the off chance that they needed to play football they needed to defeat these obstacles, hence not leaving them a great deal of decisions. On camp they would go through days together however neither of them put forth an attempt to get along. Their companionship was so secure and they were satisfied to such an extent that they had figured out how to conquer the racial issues and invested the energy to become more acquainted with one another. The two of them despite everything went about as though they were better than other and they weren’t going to endeavor to change this. In the event that something turned out badly they would accuse one another, or dissent, and consistently wind up quarreling and for the most part over various things. Their kinship advanced into sound, yet serious, fellowship. â€Å"The serious style of overseeing strife is gainful in the event that one contends to achieve singular objectives without crushing the other person† (pg 145). That is the reason I state Gerry and Julius kept up a sound feeling of kinship. They had grown such a bond, that they didn't plan to hurt the other. They really benefited from the different as they developed and built up their expertise on the field. By watching the kinship developing among Gerry and Julius others started to understand that having companions of an alternate race was not off-base. This likewise made Gerry and Julius’s companionship become significantly more grounded as they had a tremendous effect on the network. They saw one another and made a bond that could never be broken. Their scorn and negligence for the other because of race changed all through the film. They in the long run developed into, what is depicted by Wilmot and Hocker as, an alliance (pg 189). The alliance that they made helped the rest of the group and the network get contrasts. References Hocker, J. and Wilmot, W. (2007) _Interpersonal Conflict_. New York: McGraw Hill.

The Nursing Home Administrator Essay Example for Free

The Nursing Home Administrator Essay The Nursing Home Administrator is the head of tasks at a nursing home. The position requires licensure to rehearse in a state. Singular states have various prerequisites for licensure however for the most part individuals have confirmation of satisfactory instruction, experience, understanding of direction under preceptor. The licensure assessment necessities covers essential subjects of nursing home organization with Master’s certificate or Gerontology. The Administrator oversees work force, handling of affirmations, oversees funds, and managing day to (1). There are good, instructive, and work experience prerequisites to meet before meeting with Board of Examiners of nursing home heads. The ethical character and appropriateness for licensure is an impression of the capacity for the individual expected to satisfy the obligations of nursing home executive, competency, and moral qualities. The instructive necessities incorporate a Baccalaureate or more elevated level of training remembering supplemental instructive credits for instruction for long haul care, human services, gerontology, and faculty the board from a certify instructive program. The chose instructive course is to be finished with adequate evaluations from a licensed establishment. The chose courses are to be finished inside a specific timeframe to be qualified to take Nursing Home Administrator licensure test. To meet necessities coursework, a 300 level class or higher, transcendently rich with inpatient, social insurance, and nursing home as Master’s certificate in Health Care Administrator, Health Facility Administrator requiring certain number of long stretches of field understanding or work understanding as full-time Administrator of Record in a specific timeframe preceding licensure. The work experience prerequisites incorporate finishing an a year endorsed temporary job. The full-time experience must incorporate dominatingly administrative job for occupant care, be a monetarily remunerated position, and finished in a specific timeframe. There are options in contrast to the credit hours courses in nursing home organization are at least two years inside five years as Administration of Record of nursing office, have a present five years American College of Health Care Administration affirmation (2). The licensure test prerequisites for Nursing Home Administration are culmination of the previous necessities, a finishing score on the test endorsed by the Board. The job of a nursing home overseer envelops an expansive range of duties. Relationship building abilities and successfully conveying, on different levels, appointing undertakings, directing inhabitants with the personal satisfaction and social projects accessible, and having the option to perform various tasks can be a remunerating position.

Find out What a Sports Psychologist Does

Find out What a Sports Psychologist Does Student Resources Careers Print Role of a Sports Psychologist By Elizabeth Quinn Elizabeth Quinn is an exercise physiologist, sports medicine writer, and fitness consultant for corporate wellness and rehabilitation clinics. Learn about our editorial policy Elizabeth Quinn Updated on May 09, 2019 Priscilla Gragg/Getty Images More in Student Resources Careers APA Style and Writing Study Guides and Tips From Athletic Insight - The Online Journal of Sport Psychology A psychologist is an individual who has completed graduate training in the field of psychology and is licensed by a specific state. In some states, individuals with a masters degree can become licensed psychologists while in others a doctoral degree is required. A sports psychologist is a psychologist with expertise in the following areas: Performance enhancement through the use of psychological skills training, and performance improvement, imagery, and  athletes self-talk.Issues that are specific to the psychological well-being of athletesWorking with the organizations and systems that are present in sport settingsSocial and developmental factors that influence sport participation While sports psychology is recognized as a specific field of study within the Kinesiology and Physical Education departments, it is not one of the traditional fields of practice offered by psychology graduate programs. For example, while one can obtain a graduate psychology degree with a concentration in children or substance abuse, the same can not be said of sports psychology. Although many psychology departments offer single courses in sports psychology, the opportunities for graduate-level degrees are few and far between. What Credentials Does a Sports Psychologist Need? At the present time, no credentials beyond a state license are needed in order to practice sports psychology. Ethically and practically speaking, you should have expertise in the above-mentioned areas. Division 47 (Sport and Exercise Psychology) of the American Psychological Association recently submitted a proposal for the establishment of a proficiency to the CRSPPP (Commission for the Recognition of Specialties and Proficiencies in Professional Psychology). Individuals offering sport psychology services would have to adhere to the standards set forth in this proficiency. Otherwise, they would risk being in violation of ethical guidelines which could result in the suspension and/or termination of ones license to practice. Although accreditation is not necessary, it does not mean that there are no benefits to becoming a certified sports psychologist. There are many organizations offering to certify individuals. The most reputable of these organizations is the Association for the Advancement of Applied Sports Psychology (AAASP). Designation as a Certified Consultant, AAASP carries the benefit of the possibility of being listed on the United States Olympic Committee (USOC) Sports Psychology Registry. This is a listing of individuals who are approved to work with Olympic athletes and National teams. For more information, you should visit the AAASP web site. How to Become a Sports Psychologist? Two basic qualifications are needed in order to become anything in life: education and experience. This holds true for becoming a sports psychologist as well. Sports Psychology  Education The educational opportunities for working as a sports psychologist are limited. Perhaps the best way to get into a top-flight graduate program is to go to a school that offers some formalized experience in the field. If your school doesn’t have a sports psychology major, we recommend that you stick with a psychology major and try to get experience however you can. Some graduate programs in psychology offer a concentration in sports psychology. To see a listing of these, you may want to consider purchasing Directory of Graduate Programs in Applied Sports Psychology by Michael Sachs. If you are in a graduate program at a school that offers only an introductory sports psychology course but it is something that genuinely interests you, we recommend that you speak with your department chair. Ask if there is any independent study classes or independent research classes that you can take to gain further knowledge of this field. The independent research class is especially useful since it will bring you into direct contact with athletes for the purposes of performance enhancement. Sports Psychology  Experience Perhaps one of the most difficult things to get in the field of sports psychology is the direct contact with athletes. You should work with a supervisor with an expertise in sports psychology and find a population to work with. There are different ways of getting experience. One way is to meet with the athletic director or their assistant to find coaches who are willing to support you. Some internship sites offer sports psychology training as part of their formal curriculum Many professional athletes and teams have realized the value of sports psychology and regularly make use of the services. However, they tend to use the well-established individual. When you start out, working with amateur and collegiate athletes is a good experience. In addition, writing is a great way to develop additional experience and to tell others about your accomplishments and areas of expertise.

Wordsworth and Into the Wild, Mans Connection with Nature

Nature is the universe, with all its phenomena, the elements of the natural world. In society there are those individuals that have an intense connection with nature. William Wordsworth, a romanticist, pantheist and transcendentalist believed that the natural world was an emblem of god or the divine and his poetry often celebrates the beauty and spiritual values of the natural world. Chris McCandless believed that nature was the essence of freedom. The module In the Wild deals with humanitys relationship with nature. It shows that nature is the cure for all humanity, the cure for all deeds and a guide to them all. Mans origins lie in nature, it is where man begun and where man will end. Both composers gain insight from nature. Nature†¦show more content†¦The Solitary Reaper is a description of a melodious sound that is heard in the atmosphere. Its mood can be described as one of relaxation, depression and gentleness. The structure, four eight-line stanzas, each closing with two couplets and all written in octosyllabic lines in iambic tetrameter, have a musical lilt. Short lines deliver the rhymes at a quick pace. Sentences normally need two or more such short lines to complete, so that few lines are strongly end-stopped, diction is conversational and often lines consist mainly of monosyllabic words. A voice so thrilling was neer heard The this quote describes how the sound of the girls voice was accepted by all who heard. The sound of the reaper was pleasurable, and indeed welcoming. This quote also shows how the voice could not be compare to any other that existed. Wordsworth uses a few literary devices to express his description so the readers could imagine themselves listening to the soothing voice of the Scottish reaper. These include hyperboles and the use of rhetorical questions and metaphors. The use of hyperboles is seen in the sentence Breaking the silence of the seas, among the farthest Hebrides. It describes the voice of the reaper as one that is so loud, that it was heard miles away from where it originally began. The use of metaphors were seen when the poet compares theShow MoreRelatedNature vs. Society: Wordsworths Romantic Poetry1646 Words   |  7 PagesNature Vs. Society: Wordsworth’s Romantic Poetry Over time, poetry has changed and evolved in its sense of the word nature. In its beginnings the idea of nature or natural was seen as negative and evil. However, in more recent times due to the era of Romanticism, nature in poetry is viewed in a positive and even beautiful light. William Wordsworth was a poet who wrote his poetry with a romantic attitude. Furthermore Wordsworth wrote specifically the poems â€Å"We Are Seven† (WAS) and â€Å"Three YearsRead More Spirituality and Nature Essay1154 Words   |  5 PagesSpirituality and Nature Praise the Lord from the earth, you great sea creatures and all ocean depths, lightning and hail, snow and clouds, stormy winds that do his bidding, you mountains and all hills, fruit trees and all cedars, wild animals and all cattle, small creatures and flying birds, kings of the earth and all nations, you princes and all rulers on earth, young men and maidens, old men and children. (Psalm 148:7-12) When considering the reading that we have done soRead MoreThe Romantic Period Of William Wordsworth948 Words   |  4 PagesBritish Literature was marked not by reason and rationalism, but by feelings, emotion, and nature. Of the writers of the Romantic era, William Wordsworth was one of the most representative, spearheading the movement by co-authoring â€Å"Lyrical Ballads† with his contemporary Samuel Coleridge. Thus, to gain a better understanding the Romantic period as a whole, it is useful to focus on the works of William Wordsworth, the period’s flagship writer. To do this, one can conduct a close reading of â€Å"Lines WrittenRead MoreComparing William Wordsworth And Samuel Taylor Coleridge And Wordsworths Poetry1487 Words   |  6 PagesWilliam Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge are two extremely significant poets from their time. The two were famous during the Romantic Age and have remained popular names in the world of literature since then. While the subjects of their writing are different, they both focus on the beauty of nature and the â€Å"simple† things in life. The Romantic Age stressed the importance of Mother Nature, adventure, passion, and love. Although these were the topics that Coleridge and Wordsworth focused on mostRead MoreOde Of Man And Nature By William Wordsworth And Samuel Taylor Coleridge974 Words   |  4 PagesBriana Patel Humn 211 Professor Wallausser November 4, 2014 Ode to Man and Nature Romanticism was a movement in the arts that flourished in Europe and America throughout much of the 19th century from the period of the French revolution in 1789. The writers of the Romantic era admired nature and celebrated the divinity of creation. William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge were the two great poets of the Romantic period and it was the effort that they put together that created some of theRead MoreWordsworth And Shelley s On Powers And Illusions Of The Inner Imaginative Life1350 Words   |  6 Pages The Romantic period, a time that writers such as Wordsworth and Shelley focused their writing in the centre of life and social importance. An important aspect of Romanticism: its emphasis upon the power and terrors of the inner imaginative life (Watson, 2012, p. 1). The Prelude celebrates Wordsworth s life retained through memories and with the act of remembering, depicting emotions and experiences. Whereas, Shelley and the Ode to the West Wind engaged his audience with inner and outerRead MoreThe Age Of Manufacturing That Preceded The Romantic Movement1387 Words   |  6 Pagesmermaids and unicorns or God and nature, is considered meaningless since they cannot be confirmed by factual report. This all started changing when the future leaders of the enlightenment decided that we should resort to more emotional thinking. Jean-Jacques Rousseau, one of the leaders of the enlightenment observed that science was transforming Europe into unemotional machines. He says, Man was born free , but everywhere he is in chains...Let us return to nature.† (Schaeffer 154) Rousseau foresawRead MoreHistory Of English Literature II1603 Words   |  7 PagesKerri Estep Essay 2 History of English Literature II Professor O’Conner Nature: A Simple Word Jammed With Imagery William Wordsworth’s â€Å"Preface to Lyrical Ballads, with Pastoral and Other poems (1802)† and his poem â€Å"Nutting† focus on nature in order to elicit a response from the reader and provoke the senses. These romantic works use different techniques to accomplish the same purpose. Wordsworth utilizes simple language and imagery to accomplish his task. Through his writing he express himselfRead MoreTintern Abbey Essay1065 Words   |  5 PagesLife Through Nature William Wordsworth poem #8220;Lines Composed a Few Miles above Tintern Abbey#8221; was included as the last item in his Lyrical Ballads. The general meaning of the poem relates to his having lost the inspiration nature provided him in childhood. Nature seems to have made Wordsworth human.The significance of the abbey is Wordsworth#8217;s love of nature. Tintern Abbey representes a safe haven for Wordsworth that perhaps symbolizes a everlasting connection that man will shareRead MoreA Meaningful Romantic Period1176 Words   |  5 Pageswill discuss the trend of the Romantic period to include its characteristics, historical considerations, and sociopolitical factors. This paper will also analyze a literary example of the period titled â€Å"Lines Written in Early Spring,† by William Wordsworth. The trend of the Romantic period was such that imagination and emotion became the pillars of the romantic’s reason for being; not only within oneself, but also in the way the world was viewed (â€Å"Romanticism†). Artists, musicians, and literary authors

Market Entry and Concentration Ratios, Impacts of Keystone Holdings Free Essay Example, 3000 words

Advanced Ceramics Business has facilities in Europe, North America, South America, and Asia. As originally structured, the assets acquired by Keystone would have included the Latrobe facility and other assets relating to the manufacture and sale of alumina wear tiles. On December 2, 2010, however, in an effort to resolve competitive concerns relating to the original transaction, Keystone and Saint-Gobain amended their agreement to exclude from the sale Saint-Gobain's North American alumina wear tile business. Advanced ceramics is a subsidiary of Saint-Gobain and the parent company is present in almost 64 countries. Advanced ceramics' sales revenue differs largely from country to country but the main source is North America with around 1 billion dollars (Ceramics and plastics). Its revenue in 2009 was 153.3 million in the Check Republic and 8.7 million euro in central and northern Europe (2009). Saint Gobain s net sales figures are 37,786 euros in 2009 and 43800 euros in 2008. The company earns 42% of the income from North America. The easiness with which a new firm can enter into an existing industry determines the structure of the market. In oligopoly markets, it is very difficult for new firms to enter and compete with existing firms. We will write a custom essay sample on Market Entry and Concentration Ratios, Impacts of Keystone Holdings or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page The size of the investment necessary to enter the market is substantial in relation to the size of the overall markets. In addition, the uncertainty that an entrant could secure the distribution necessary to make the investment profitable is highly unlikely.

Maker Free Essays

Fees Payment System of Red Link Institute of Science and Technology: A proposed study toward computerized Payment System Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION Background of the Study The technology today plays a vital role in our society. It makes man work easier and fast. It lessens error of work by using machines. We will write a custom essay sample on Maker or any similar topic only for you Order Now It reduces costs to an organization from paper works up to computerized working system. Many manual transactions can be computerized by using software applications or computer systems to make work easier and efficient. It also helps human to solve and understand complex problem and analysis such us the computational need of humans. Payroll is an example of a complex transaction because it is a critical business operation dealing with numerous accounts and produce plenty and confidential files. Applying manual procedure on a Payroll transaction involving the vast beat answer in that problem would be computer because computers can simulate enormous data and can process complex transaction in a fast and efficient way. It can generate numerous accounts and data accurately. A Computerized Payment System will not only provide accurate calculation and fast process of Payroll transaction but it will secure data through security implementation and accordingly arrange files provided by a well designed database that will produce a paperless environment. Statement of the Problems The common problem of the study is how to improve the manual processing system of monitoring of student fees payment of The Red Link Institute of Science and Technology. 1. Time consuming process for the payment The Red Link Institute of Science and Technology still using the manual method of fees payment process. A lot of jobs are assigned to the payroll maker and accounting clerk, with cause’s inconvenience to their services. In this method, it will need more time and manpower to complete the payroll of each employee. 2. Laborious payment process Nobody could admit the inescapable fact that what makes the manual procedure take a long time to finish the task is due to the many steps and processes to undergo. There is the collection of data such as DTR, REMITTANCES, and individual manual calculation of payroll. Individual data is transferred through sheets, encoding and double checking after calculating. All this process requires labor and effort to complete the task. 3. Misposting and understating of employee’s data The logical process of manual procedure result to too much time consumption. It often times result in misposting and understating of each employees data of plenty of files that is hard to accommodate. Objectives of the Study This study is intended to design and develop a Computerized Payment System for Red Link Institute of Science and Technology. Specifically, this study aims: 1†¢ To minimize the effort of the User in processing the Payment Form. 2†¢ To make an efficient and accurate computation of Payment. 3. To create a well-arranged database and to implement strong security of the system for data security. Significance of the Study The proposed system will help the accounting section. It will help to lessen the time and effort of the School staff preparing payments of Students. The System develop can accommodate changing figures and produce a paperless environment through well design database. To Proponents This study will help the proponents to enhance the ability on how to create an understandable computerized system in an easy way. This will serve to the proponents as a challenge to do a better system. To the other Researcher This study gives knowledge to the researcher on how to create a Computerized System in understandable way. This will serve as a fresh ground for the researcher whose study will be related in the field of Information Technology. How to cite Maker, Papers

Strategic Management And Economic Geography -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Strategic Management And Economic Geography? Answer: Introduction There exist extremely high barriers to entry in the food retail market because of various factors. At first, organized retail is regarded as the most sophisticated sector in the Czech Republic and is having the requirement for a lot of investment, in addition to major brand development that will be taking years of establishment. Moreover, retail is considered to be at an advanced stage within Czech Republic stating that there is very limited opportunity in respect of new entrants for establishing themselves. There is an extreme importance of local information within the food retail sector, something that is considered challenging in respect of the foreign organizations to imitate. The corroboration of this is done through the existence of few international supermarkets within Czech Republic. The retail market is highly competitive having a very crowded market. In the current scenario, increasing number of organizations are trying to make an entry into the non-food sectors, which is d oing the intensification of the competition further. In the chosen market of Czech Republic, Sainsbury might be having a steady increase due to its programme related to the aspect of restructuring Rationale for selecting the Czech Republic market This country is regarded to be highly democratic as well as liberal but there is also the existence of a little bit of old conservatism. Moreover, there is the existence of a high corruption level, particularly within the political parties. This might be resulting in giving rise to unfair advantages as well as practices that are uncompetitive within the environment of the business. It is also necessary to do the mentioning that the country is part of the EU but isnt the part of the monetary union, meaning that the acceptance of the euro currency have yet not been done by the country (Foss 2013). Due to this aspect, at the time of economic crisis in 2008, people did not receive that much impact in comparison to the other EU countries. Economical As per the statistical reports, the average salary of the Czech Republic is considered to be 750/month. The minimum wage is considered to be 8,500 Czech koruna per month, amounting to 293. The population is spending 15% of the yearly income on food and the major percentages of individuals are having price-oriented. They try to seek an optimum value in a regular manner with the help of advertised discounts as well as special offers. In the current scenario, the countrys rate of unemployment is standing at 7.8%, and Czech Republic is having low labour costs when compared with the Western European countries that are considered good in respect of the foreign investors (Collings 2014). Socio-cultural Czech Republic is considered being a highly educated country that is among the top of OECD countries. There is growing interest towards the supermarket culture. Majority of the consumers are still very much sensitive towards the price of the products. The shopping in retail chains however is steadfastly developing. There has also been a significant growth in the popularity of breakfast cereals by the children, which increased the percentage of purchase in a significant manner. However, there isnt a wider range of morning cereals in the Czech market as the supermarkets are mostly offering sweet cereals in respect of the children (Brannen 2014). Technological The infrastructure of Czech Republic is having the 19th rank in respect of quality within the EU. This ranking is because of the low standard secondary roads all over the country, but developments are taking place. For instance, a motorway was made in the country in 2014, having a distance of 283 km. This helped to make more areas in the country increasingly accessible. This has given rise to significant developments in the transportation of goods throughout the country. There is the rich heritage of techniques as well as low entry barriers in the retail business that is intensifying the competition. Being an EU member, the Czech Republic is having specific advantages concerning trade. For instance, there isnt the existence of any regulations or restrictions to import or export foods inside and outside the country from the other EU countries due to the free goods movement. There is the application of particular rules in respect of trading, like the aspect of making sure the safety related with the food products as well as appropriately cataloguing every items that has been traded. These are associated with the aspect of ensuring smooth product transferring (Wheelen 2017). Environmental The countrys government is taking the accountability to do the improvement of environmental sustainability. The Czech population were not considered to be friendly with the environment but in the current years, there is occurring the changes in the attitudes of the various individuals. Individuals have commenced the work of separating the waste in respect of recycling, as well as various campaigns in respect of environmentally friendly behavioural aspect were running within the country (Daspit 2017). Due to this, there has occurred the increase in recycling process within the Czech Republic from 1% to 16% within the span of ten years and is still having a steadfast growth as well as there has been the implementation of landfill taxes within the country. Because of this, there has been an increase in the popularity of products that are considered being environmentally friendly. Eco-friendly consumerism is on rising slowly but surely (Peppard 2014). There is still additional requiremen t towards the measure for preserving the resources as well as environmental conditions. Analysis of the opportunities and threats in Sainsburys industrial environment To analyse the opportunities and threats relating to the industrial environment of Sainsbury in the Czech Republic market, a relevant model or framework like the 5-forces analysis is taken into consideration. Porters Five Forces Analysis for Sainsbury Competitive Rivalry The retail market is highly competitive having a very crowded market. In the current scenario, increasing number of organizations are trying to make an entry into the non-food sectors, which is doing the intensification of the competition further. In the chosen market of Czech Republic, Sainsbury might be having a steady increase due to its programme related to the aspect of restructuring. This is considered being a positive trend although it is lagging behind Tesco, another supermarket chain that is considered being a market leader. The other supermarket chains such as Tesco, Morrison as well as ASDA are having their presence in the retail sector of Czech Republic. Each of these supermarket chains are having varied competitive advantages over the other competitive brands (Johns 2015). However, the reach in the convenience stores of Sainsbury will be assisting it in having a larger reach of customers in the Czech Republic. Barriers for entry There exist extremely high barriers to entry in the food retail market because of various factors. At first, organized retail is regarded as the most sophisticated sector in the Czech Republic and is having the requirement for a lot of investment, in addition to major brand development that will be taking years of establishment (McFarlin 2016). Moreover, retail is considered to be at an advanced stage within Czech Republic stating that there is very limited opportunity in respect of new entrants for establishing themselves. There is an extreme importance of local information within the food retail sector, something that is considered challenging in respect of the foreign organizations to imitate. The corroboration of this is done through the existence of few international supermarkets within Czech Republic (Deresky 2017). There occurs moderate threat from the potential entrants. This threat is considered being limited since the established organizations are having cost advantages that are not available in respect of the new entrants. Moreover, the rise of online brands in respect of grocery retail might also be regarded as a potential market entrant (Armstrong 2015). Threat of Substitutes The risk of substitutes within the retail industry for food is considered being low, due to the fact that customers are viewing it to be a necessary requirement, particularly in the developed countries such as Czech Republic. The retail market always try converging as well as assimilating innovations that are considered being new in regard to the food products or alternative businesses, for making the experience of shopping to be a highly pleasurable experience. This will be making them highly challenging for substituting. The only significant threat of substitutes is considered to be an internal industry threat in which one supermarket will be lapping up the business of the other supermarkets (Bettis 2016). Within the retail market, the risk of substitution is extremely less regarding food products and medium for non-food items. The ultimate substitutes are considered to be the convenience stores that Sainsbury is aiming towards annihilating through the opening of 50-100 convenience shops every year. There is also the rise in standards of competition due to the option of online marketing (Najaf 2017). Buyer Power There is the existence of a high buyer power within the retail industry simply because of the existence of so many competitive brands doing the sale of similar products. The only differentiation occurs regarding the aspect of price as well as the loyalty of the customers. In addition, there is the existence of a low switching cost in respect of the customers. When the economy will be going more and more towards recession, the requirements of the customers will be given more emphasis, which will be resulting in the increase of their power in a considerable manner (Cavusgil 2014). The buyers are having the option of selecting from a number of varied products when there is the requirement for buying the products. The campaigns relating to the comparison of prices are having an impact on the extent of the bargaining power regarding the buyers. In respect of the buyers, it can be stated that the advancement of technology will always be facilitating the customers switching from one brand to another, since one of the key aspects is that the buyers are always focusing on the low price of the products. Supplier Power Supplier power is generally having more complications since it is considered having the difficulty for getting categorised. There is a mutually dependent association as the suppliers are themselves regarded as huge organizations such as PG, Unilever, Cadbury and so on, having a considerable appeal regarding their brands (Carraher 2015). It needs to be stated that if supermarkets are not able to do the selling of their products, then the customers will be shifting their loyalty towards other brands, which will give huge power on the hands of the suppliers. On the other hand, when the products from the big organizations will not be reaching the supermarkets, there will occur a huge negative impact on their sales volume. There might occur a change in the relationship based on the big branded suppliers situation. Also, the supplier power regarding the smaller suppliers will not be taken into consideration since their volume of sales in depending upon the supermarkets. The incurring of cost in respect of switching between the suppliers is considered being low. As a result, organizations like Sainsbury can easily do the switching. For reaching 75% of the grocery market in Czech Republic, suppliers are required working with one of Czech Republics four biggest supermarkets such as Morrisons, ASDA, Sainsbury or Tesco. The suppliers are having very less bargaining power, so that the supermarkets are efficiently dictating the business terms (Peteraf 2014). Analysis of the strengths and weaknesses in Sainsburys internal environment VRIO Based Competencies Analysis regarding Sainsbury The VRIO criteria is used for assessing the capabilities of the company that will be providing a sustainable competitive advantage. These are regarded as Value, Rarity, Inimitability and Organization. The primary question associated with the framework will be asking whether a resource will be adding value by enabling Sainsbury for exploiting opportunities or defending against threats. When the answer appears in affirmative, then a resource is regarded being valuable. Resources are also considered being valuable when they will assist Sainsbury for increasing the perceived value of the customers. This occurs through the increase in the aspect of differentiation or through the decrease in the product price. It is essential for undertaking continuous review relating to the resource value since continuous change relating to the internal or external situations will be making them less precious (Somsuk 2014). The quality, ethical aspect as well as hundred percent local meat as well as fresh food sourcing will be adding to the superior value towards the value proposition that Sainsbury is offering in respect of its customers. The electric vehicles that are being used in respect of home delivery as well as the utilization of solar power energy within its stores is considered being a major addition of value. Complete ownership of its bank for delivering the financial products in an effective in comparison to its competitors is adding values as well (Hill 2014). The private labels of Sainsbury such as TU regarding the clothing segment as well as Taste the Difference will be adding great value as well. Resources that can be achieved by a single or very few organizations are regarded as rare. Rare as well as valuable resources are granting competitive advantages on a temporary basis. The acquiring of resources that can only be done by an organization is regarded to be having rarity. Resources that are considered to be rare as well as valuable will be granting competitive advantage temporarily. However, the circumstance when more than few organizations are having similar resources or using the ability in a similar manner, will be leading towards the aspect of comparative parity (Gomes 2016). Student Loyalty Card / Sainsbury Meal Ticket Sainsbury did the introduction of Sainsbury Meal Ticket in respect of the students. It is coming in the form of two cards as well as the concept regarding this is parents will have one card as well as another card the children will be having. Parents will be having the option of loading money to the card, which is approx. 750, as well as the individual with another Child card will be having the scope of using them exclusively in the stores of Sainsbury (Galliers 2014). An effective and constructive customer loyalty with Sainsbury Brand The organization is considered being a 144 year old strong brand that is famous for its consistent supermarket selling quality, which is associated with the aspect of providing fresh as well as tasty food from a long time. The brand value of Sainsbury is built on the image of the brand. In addition, the senior management of the company is considered being inimitable in respect of Sainsbury. Organization The final aspect is associated with the questions as to whether the important resources, which are considered being rare or inimitable are having proper organization for the achievement of maximum contribution level from it towards the actualization of a higher growth level (Barney 2014). From the perspective of analyzing the performance regarding Sainsbury, it has been evaluated that the higher manager productivity has assisted in allowing the overall company to achieve the leading position in the entire world. Taking into consideration the major growth level as well as reputation in the global market in respect of Sainsbury provides the indication that the resource organization of the company has been made in an effective way (Rothaermel 2015). The organizational resources as well as core competencies are organized in an efficient manner at Sainsbury and are regarded as the major factor of contribution for the accomplishment of increased overall growth. Various modes of entry available to Sainsbury and the most suitable one for global expansion The various modes of entry in the foreign market for Sainsbury are mentioned as under, This is considered to be the method to sell products as well as services whose production is done in one country and sold in another country. Exporting might be occurring directly or indirectly. Under direct exporting, an organization capitalizes on economies of scale regarding production concentrated in the home country, establishing an appropriate process to do the organization of export functions as well as do the procurement of foreign sales. On the other hand, indirect export does the involvement of conducting the process of exporting via intermediaries that are domestically based (Goetsch 2014). The exporter is not having control over the product in the foreign market. The advantages of this mode of entry in the foreign market is that it assists in the process of surplus distribution, it is less expensive, is having less risk, and assists in accessing the market faster. The disadvantages are that there exists high cost for start-ups regarding direct exports, the exporter having less or no control regarding product distribution and conducting export via the intermediaries of export does the increasing of the product cost (Hood 2016). Joint Venture The organizations are using this strategic aspect for making an entry into a foreign market through the process of joining hands as well as sharing ownership as well as management with another organization. It is used when two or more organizations are interested in achieving certain common goals as well as doing the expansion of global operations (Jackson 2014). The common goals are foreign market entry, development of joint product, sharing of technologies as well as conforming to the regulations of the government. The advantages of this mode of entry are there is technological competence, optimum resource utilization as well as partners having the ability for learning from one another (Rocha 2016). The disadvantages of this mode of entry are that it might be costly, management conflicts might occur, as well as stability relating to cultural as well as political aspects might be posing a risk relating to the aspect of conducting successful operations. Outsourcing This is regarded as a cost effective strategic aspect that the organizations are using for reducing the costs through the transfer of certain portions of work to outside suppliers rather than doing an internal completion. It will be including the aspects of contracting that are domestic as well as foreign and off-shoring as well. The advantages of outsourcing as a entry mode strategy are associated with the aspect of reducing the costs, sharing of risks, and concentrating on key process rather than the supporting ones. The disadvantages of outsourcing are having the absence of customer focus, costs that are considered being hidden as well as the threat of exposing confidential data (Nahavandi 2016). Franchising This is the process where semi-independent owners of business are paying fees as well as royalty to a parent organization in return for the identification of the right by its trademark, for selling its products or services as well as using its format or method regarding business (Gomes 2016). The advantages regarding this mode of entry is that it is having less risks, have staffs that are highly motivated as well as having the advantage of proficiency regarding the franchisers. The disadvantages regarding this mode of entry is that it is difficult to maintain trade secrets, franchisees might turn out to be a competitor in the future and a wrong franchisee might be ruining an organizations name as well as reputation (Morschett 2015). Foreign Direct Investment This is a mode to have an entry in the foreign market via investment. Investment might be done directly or indirectly via the financial establishments. Foreign Direct Investment does the influencing of the patterns of investment regarding the economy as well as assisting in the increase of overall growth. The advantages associated with this mode of entry is that is considered being an easier entry mode as well as there can occur modifications anytime. The disadvantages of this mode of entry is that the policies of the government might not be supportive and there might occur a low return on investment (Somsuk 2014). Taking into consideration the above mentioned mode of entry strategies the most appropriate mode of entry, which will be enabling the strategic global expansion to be successful for Sainsbury is considered to be franchising. This is because this mode of entry will assist the firm in various ways such as having less risks, having staffs that are highly motivated as well as having the advantage of proficiency regarding the franchisers. Conclusion The retail market is very competitive having a very crowded market. In the current scenario, increasing number of organizations are trying to make an entry into the non-food sectors, which is doing the intensification of the competition further. In the chosen market of Czech Republic, Sainsbury might be having a steady increase due to its programme related to the aspect of restructuring. This is considered being a positive trend although it is lagging behind Tesco, another supermarket chain that is considered being a market leader. The other supermarket chains such as Tesco, Morrison as well as ASDA are having their presence in the retail sector of Czech Republic. Each of these supermarket chains are having varied competitive advantages over the other competitive brands. However, the reach in the convenience stores of Sainsbury will be assisting it in having a larger reach of customers in the Czech Republic. Reference Armstrong, G., Kotler, P., Harker, M. and Brennan, R., 2015.Marketing: an introduction. Pearson Education. Barney, J.B., 2014.Gaining and sustaining competitive advantage. Pearson Higher Ed. Bettis, R.A., Ethiraj, S., Gambardella, A., Helfat, C. and Mitchell, W., 2016. Creating repeatable cumulative knowledge in strategic management.Strategic Management Journal,37(2), pp.257-261. Brannen, M.Y., Piekkari, R. and Tietze, S., 2014. The multifaceted role of language in international business: Unpacking the forms, functions and features of a critical challenge to MNC theory and performance. Carraher, S.M. and Paridon, T.J., 2015. Entrepreneurship journal rankings across the discipline.Journal of Small Business Strategy,19(2), pp.89-98. Cavusgil, S.T., Knight, G., Riesenberger, J.R., Rammal, H.G. and Rose, E.L., 2014.International business. Pearson Australia. Collings, D.G., 2014. Integrating global mobility and global talent management: Exploring the challenges and strategic opportunities.Journal of World Business,49(2), pp.253-261. Daspit, J.J., Chrisman, J.J., Sharma, P., Pearson, A.W. and Long, R.G., 2017. A Strategic Management Perspective of the Family Firm: Past Trends, New Insights, and Future Directions.Journal of Managerial Issues,29(1), pp.6-29. Deresky, H., 2017.International management: Managing across borders and cultures. Pearson Education India. Foss, N.J. and Knudsen, C. eds., 2013.Towards a competence theory of the firm(Vol. 2). Routledge. Galliers, R.D. and Leidner, D.E. eds., 2014.Strategic information management: challenges and strategies in managing information systems. Routledge. Goetsch, D.L. and Davis, S.B., 2014.Quality management for organizational excellence. Upper Saddle River, NJ: pearson. Gomes, E., Barnes, B.R. and Mahmood, T., 2016. A 22 year review of strategic alliance research in the leading management journals.International business review,25(1), pp.15-27. Hill, C.W., Jones, G.R. and Schilling, M.A., 2014.Strategic management: theory: an integrated approach. Cengage Learning. Hood, N. and Birkinshaw, J. eds., 2016.Multinational corporate evolution and subsidiary development. Springer. Jackson, S.E., Schuler, R.S. and Jiang, K., 2014. An aspirational framework for strategic human resource management.Academy of Management Annals,8(1), pp.1-56. Johns, J., 2015. Location of international business activities: Integrating ideas from research in international business, strategic management and economic geography. McFarlin, D. and Sweeney, P.D., 2014.International management: strategic opportunities cultural challenges. Routledge. Morschett, D., Schramm-Klein, H. and Zentes, J., 2015.Strategic international management. Springer. Nahavandi, A., 2016.The Art and Science of Leadership -Global Edition. Pearson. Najaf, R., Najaf, K. and Shah, I.H., 2017. STRATEGIC ALLIANCES FOR INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS AND GLOBAL COMPETITION.Business and Management,9(3), p.287. Peppard, J. and Ward, J., 2016.The strategic management of information systems: Building a digital strategy. John Wiley Sons. Peteraf, M., Gamble, J. and Thompson Jr, A., 2014.Essentials of strategic management: The quest for competitive advantage. McGraw-Hill Education. Rocha, C., Duclos, L.C., Veiga, C.P., Bischof-Dos-Santos, C. and Neves, N.A.F., 2016. The control mechanisms on the performance of the strategic initiatives management: analysis of critical sales process in a metallurgical business.International Business Management,10(4), pp.357-369. Rothaermel, F.T., 2015.Strategic management. McGraw-Hill Education. Somsuk, N. and Laosirihongthong, T., 2014. A fuzzy AHP to prioritize enabling factors for strategic management of university business incubators: Resource-based view.Technological Forecasting and Social Change,85, pp.198-210. Wheelen, T.L. and Hunger, J.D., 2017.Strategic management and business policy. pearson.

Status, role, primary groups, and secondary groups in social interactions between different racial and ethnic groups

Status is the ranking of groups or individual persons within a certain and specific perspective based on a given criteria. This perspective refers to the hierarchy of esteem and reputation that exists between certain groups. It therefore establishes which group or individual shall interact with which other group and how that shall be done in accordance to the respect disserved from by given group. Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Status, role, primary groups, and secondary groups in social interactions between different racial and ethnic groups specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Therefore, roles in a given status group can be stratified according to the given expectation of the group, for example, cooks and caregivers or can be got from experience. As a result, functions include the manner a certain group is patterned in order to perform its function for the sake of the other groups as a whole. The society is made up of various types of groups which have different racial and ethnic backgrounds and have a certain degree of cohesion due to common interests and values in life like race, religion and ethnicity. In the society there are various types of groups which are very different from each other. First we have the primary groups. This group is usually small in number and the group has members who are very personal and affectionate to each other. Members of this group have a relationship that is usually kinship- oriented for example families. The relation between this group lasts for so many years with a face-to-face communication. Secondly, we have the secondary groups; they are much larger than the primary groups and include formal and institution type of relations. This group can last as long as the members do not disband it, therefore they are not permanent as the primary group. Roles in this group can be interchanged between members and it is more tenuous and lacks the affection display ed in primary groups. There are times when the primary group may be represented in a secondary group setting for example attending college represents association to the secondary group while there are relationships that were developed in the primary groups that a person belonged to. On the other hand, there are other organizations in the secondary setting that care affectionately about the welfare of another while a family in a primary setting, individuals may be hostile towards another thus there can be variances in the groups. Hence from the above groupings of the society, different racial and ethnic groups have shown to see their own social status in a different way from the other. For example in a primary group, some ethnic groups like the Latinos and African Americans have shown to hold in high esteem the role that grandparents perform in the society and therefore they subscribe to that ideology than any other ethnic groupings like the white Americans. Advertising Looking for report on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More On the other hand the status in a secondary setting, classmates in college have placed less emphasis on the role of ethnicity or race. In this group, the role of the members in the classroom can be interchanged to suit one’s own liking by merit and not based on the ethnicity of the individual. In addition, the members of this group display different characters that they acquired from their own ethnic and racial primary groups and they tend to believe and act according to the norms of that group. However, they are tolerant to each other which make it possible for secondary group members to in interchange their roles without conflicts. In a primary setting, an ethnic group like African Americans subscribe to the role that a father has to a family more than white Americans who though believe in the importance of a man to a family, do not subscribe to that norm as depicted by African American families. In conclusion, it can be held that the status role and groups that an individual or society belongs to influences the type of social interaction that will occur between them and the way they view each other’s culture and way of life. This report on Status, role, primary groups, and secondary groups in social interactions between different racial and ethnic groups was written and submitted by user Kayson Johnson to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Free Essays on The Things They Carried

In the short story â€Å"The Things They Carried† Tim O’Brien faces Jimmy Cross with the problem of surviving while fighting in Vietnam. While trying to maintain his sanity, Jimmy struggles between his old self and the person he has to become. Jimmy has to make some difficult decisions while in his tour, and most of them come to his attention after his friend Ted Lavender is killed. Jimmy’s main struggle in dealing with his friends death is to figure out a way he can become a better leader. He wants to lead his troop with confidence and preciseness. Before his friend’s death, Jimmy had constructed a bulwark to separate him from the rest of the troop. Jimmy was in his own world, mainly back in New Jersey with Martha, but sometimes in a fantasy world where nothing felt real and he would do amazing things like fly over Vietnam waving the whole madness goodbye. His misconception of fantasy and reality is one of the first things that he changes about himself in order to become a better leader. Making this decision was near impossible, the pictures that he had become inured to seeing everyday were put to flame and Martha was no longer in his thoughts. By burning those pictures he not only breaks free from the fantasy world, but also of Martha. She was a girl back home who he had loved dearly, and had remained in contact with throughout the war. His infatuation with Martha was not a sexual one, but one that had something much greater weight towards his survival. He did not think about Martha day in and day out because she was his only true love of the world; he merely needed something to occupy his mind with. He needed something to keep his thoughts away from the horrible tragedies going on around him. He was trying to maintain his hope. Martha gave him a goal, something to shoot for, a reason not to give up. â€Å"So easy, really. Go limp and tumble to the ground and let the muscles unwind and no... Free Essays on The Things They Carried Free Essays on The Things They Carried In Tim O’Brien’s novel, The Things They Carried, numerous themes are illustrated by the author. Through the portrayal of a number of characters, Tim O’Brien suggests that to adapt to Vietnam is not always more difficult than to revert back to the lives they once knew. Correspondingly the theme of change is omnipresent throughout the novel, specifically in the depiction of numerous characters. Tim O’Brien is drafted one month after graduating from Macalester College to fight a war he hated. Tim O’Brien believed he was above the war, and as a result pursued the alternative of escaping across the border to Canada. This understandable act is what Tim O’Brien considers an embarrassment to himself, and to others. When Tim O’Brien finds accommodation on the border to Canada, he meets Elroy Berdahl who eventually influences Tim O’Brien, to change. Elroy Berdahl acts as a mentor to Tim, a figure that remains detached in the sense that he must provide enough support and understanding without being attached to the results. At the rear of the boat Elroy Berdahl pretended not to notice...I realized that Canada had become a pitiful fantasy. Silly and hopeless. It was no longer a possibility. Right then, with the shore so close, I understood That I would not do what I should do. I would not swim away from my hometown and my country and my life. I would not be brave. That old image of myself as a hero, as a man of conscience and courage, all that was just a threadbare pipe dream. (O’Brien 59,60) Tim O’Brien’s epiphany so close to the Canadian shore, represents the change he went through in the 6 days he was with Elroy Berdahl. Tim O’Brien’s whole life appeared before him and out of cowardice, he went to war. Rat Kiley is the platoon medic who eventually loses his mind in the field. Rat Kiley’s metamorphosis occurs when the platoon switches to a routine of night movement Kalil 2 for 2 weeks. Rat is una... Free Essays on The Things They Carried All too often, literature is misunderstood by a reader due to the simple fact that he or she has no idea what happened in the author’s life to cause him or her to write a particular literary piece and what the author is trying to pass on to the reader. There are many factors that affect the way an author writes his or her literature including experiences that took place in his or her life, occurrences around the world, and values and beliefs he or she has. In order to understand a text, the reader must first have an understanding of the author. By this, I mean that the reader must seek to identify with the author and try to read the text as the author intended. This involves the reader learning some things about the author and determining what assumptions the author made about the reader’s knowledge, beliefs, and previous literary experiences. Peter Rabinowitz, a literary strategist, referred to this sort of perspective as â€Å"authorial† reading and encour aged this view vehemently. As we read a piece of literature, we will try our best to read as â€Å"authorial readers† and relate the author and his world to what he or she wants me to attain. An author named Tim O’Brien wrote about some of the events that took place in the Vietnam War. In his short story, â€Å"The Things They Carried,† O’Brien wrote a sort of autofiction about some of his accounts in the war. This is referred to as an autofiction because it is a story about true occurrences in his life with some fictional incidents intertwined into the story, hence an autobiographical fiction. In order to understand his story, we are going to learn some things about his background and his experiences in the war that influenced his literary style and also try to figure out how we, the readers, are supposed to read this particular text. In other words, we will attempt to become the â€Å"authorial readers† that we talked about earlier in order to better understand his ... Free Essays on The Things They Carried Spilling Your Heart Through a Pen Tim O’Brien utilizes the autobiographical fallacy to vent a guilty war clogged conscience. Since the author is linked to the narrator, the reader must question the factual truths of The Things The Carried. The book is dedicated to Cross, Norman Bowker, Rat Kiley, Mitchell Sanders, Henry Dobbins, and Kiowa. However, O’Brien states that all the accounts, besides the narrator being a 43-year-old veteran, are fictional. So, the speaker is the author, but his stories cannot be believed as truth. Even though the stories of the narrator’s friends are fiction, the narrator stresses that the realism of these characters is not important. Tim O’Brien is linking himself to the narrator not for the purpose of making the stories more believable. According to the writer, â€Å"Story-truth is truer sometimes than happening-truth.† (179) When a person reads the truer fictional stories, while believing the author is the narrator, it makes one â€Å"†¦fe el what [the narrator] felt.† (179) Tim O’Brien is using the autobiographical fallacy to vent his negative memories in the hope that the reader can relate or sympathize. The narrator strongly opposes the Vietnam War. Internal conflict arises when the draft picks the Tim to fight in the war. He travels toward Canada to avoid Vietnam, but feels â€Å"†¦ashamed of my conscience, ashamed to be doing the right thing.† (52) The reader knows that this particular story is not factual, because the narrator is tormented by images of people from the past and future (i.e. Abe Lincoln and Huck Finn). Many details of the narrator’s trip to Canada are bogus. The narrator goes to the war, survives, and states that, â€Å"†¦it’s not a happy ending. I was a coward. I went to the war.† (61) These words, coupled with Tim O’Brien’s linkage to the narrator, force the reader to understand the author’s guilty conscience. The narrator relays many stories in w... Free Essays on The Things They Carried In the short story â€Å"The Things They Carried† Tim O’Brien faces Jimmy Cross with the problem of surviving while fighting in Vietnam. While trying to maintain his sanity, Jimmy struggles between his old self and the person he has to become. Jimmy has to make some difficult decisions while in his tour, and most of them come to his attention after his friend Ted Lavender is killed. Jimmy’s main struggle in dealing with his friends death is to figure out a way he can become a better leader. He wants to lead his troop with confidence and preciseness. Before his friend’s death, Jimmy had constructed a bulwark to separate him from the rest of the troop. Jimmy was in his own world, mainly back in New Jersey with Martha, but sometimes in a fantasy world where nothing felt real and he would do amazing things like fly over Vietnam waving the whole madness goodbye. His misconception of fantasy and reality is one of the first things that he changes about himself in order to become a better leader. Making this decision was near impossible, the pictures that he had become inured to seeing everyday were put to flame and Martha was no longer in his thoughts. By burning those pictures he not only breaks free from the fantasy world, but also of Martha. She was a girl back home who he had loved dearly, and had remained in contact with throughout the war. His infatuation with Martha was not a sexual one, but one that had something much greater weight towards his survival. He did not think about Martha day in and day out because she was his only true love of the world; he merely needed something to occupy his mind with. He needed something to keep his thoughts away from the horrible tragedies going on around him. He was trying to maintain his hope. Martha gave him a goal, something to shoot for, a reason not to give up. â€Å"So easy, really. Go limp and tumble to the ground and let the muscles unwind and no... Free Essays on The Things They Carried Tim O’Brien Throughout history, every war has great stories that need to be heard. For the Vietnam War those great stories are captured in Tim O’Brien’s story â€Å"The things they carried†. Tim O’Brien was one of the most influential and talented writers of his time, and in his stories he unveils the truth and the facts of war and tells the readers that war is not fun and games it is serious business. Tim O’Brien was born in a small town in Austin Minnesota on October 1,1946.He went to Macalester College and graduated in 1968 with a BA in political science. Though O’Brien was against the war in Vietnam he as forced to enter the armed forces soon after he graduated. After O’Brien got out of Vietnam he went to Harvard University. He eventually left Harvard to become a newspaper reporter which led the way to his brilliantly wrote novels. Besides â€Å"The Things They Carried,† O’Brien wrote many other dazzling novels. Some of those novels are â€Å"If I Die In Combat Zone†, â€Å" Going After Cacciato,† and his most recent novel â€Å"In the Lake of the Woods†(Tim O’Brien’s Biography). In these novels, O’Brien discusses one issue that leads to a discussion of seemingly opposite issues. His novel â€Å"If I Die In Combat Zone† was a memoir of his Vietnam Tour and he describes his trip Vietnam back to Minnesota. In this novel, he emphasizes how casually death can come by describing the period of relative relief after a successful ambush. He says how the soldier may feel relaxed but that fear that death can come is still imbedded in their brain. In his novel â€Å" Going After Cacciato† he begins the story with a list of the dead soldiers in the platoon and has the protagonist of the story working on the order of the list throughout the novel. His intent in this novel was to let the reader make judgments about the morality of the war. He did this by showing the reactions of the soldiers and the innocent victims of the wa... Free Essays on The Things They Carried How does death affect the behavior of people? Although death affects everyone’s behavior differently, knowledge of one’s imminent death is a main force behind behavioral changes. This knowledge causes emotions that motivate people to look for changes, that make them have to adjust. It makes them find different ways to cope with war. This is the reason that causes the characters in a book called, The Things They Carried, by Tim O’Brien to have to change due to their situation. They are in the Vietnam war and the horror of death is always hanging over their heads. They have to find ways to cope with that incomparable fright. Their knowledge of death and its closeness causes the men in the story to alter their behavior by modifying emotions to relieve guilt, by exhibiting different actions to ease anxiety, and for some by just losing humanity thoroughly to excuse their actions. Guilt is a very strong emotion, and it demands adjustment very rapidly. Guilt makes a person regret how they ignored their values, and ideas, and the demand for adjustment comes from wanting to not repeat the misjudgment of their actions. Some try to substitute the guilt with other emotions, for example, some make jokes. Azar, for instance made fun of a little girl whose whole family had just died, â€Å"..., Azar mocked the girl’s dancing. He did funny jumps and spins. He put his palms of his hands against his ears, and danced sideways for a while, and then backwards, and then did an erotic thing with his hips†(pg.136). For him, the situation grows lighter with laughter. Even though he knows nothing is funny about the situation, he trys to replace the guilt with humor. He even went as far as to make fun of someone’s death, â€Å" â€Å" A classic case,† Azar was saying. â€Å" Biting the dirt, so to speak, that tells the story.† † ( pg.168). He makes jokes, he knows its not funny, but he makes jokes. He makes jokes not for others, b... Free Essays on The Things They Carried Tim O’Brien does not actually come out and write about guilt, death, or love; he describes in vivid detail how he feels. This is how he lets the reader know his feelings, either it be love, guilt, or death. Through his details the reader differentiates Tim O’Brien’s thoughts. As the reader understands O’Brien’s writing in the finial chapter, â€Å"The Lives of the Dead,† he or she finds that guilt, death, and love are all brought together by this one nine year old girl, Linda. In many ways, he describes her as, the love of his life. This was no â€Å"crush or childhood infatuation,†(228,4) as he put it, but â€Å"as deep and rich as love could ever get,†(228,4) like the complexities of mature adult love, and maybe more. In the same way he depicts his love for Linda, he portrays his guilt in the same situation. O’Brien feels helpless as that of a little fourth grader. The little boy who just stood there as the bully picked on the girl he felt something for, but had no real way of showing it. As he describes it â€Å"I stood off to the side, just a spectator, wishing I could do things I couldn’t do†(223,2) O’Brien does not come out and say he felt guilty for doing nothing, but expresses it in so many words, that of his feelings. Now love and guilt are a easier topic to understand, but when it come to death, one may find it hard to understand because fighting in a war is not something everyone has the privilege to participate in, and in war, death is a common aspect. With O’Brien’s detail, the reader can see how, in his situation it would be hard to let a person, one feels so much for go. Too feel that one loves someone so much, but can’t tell him or her. In ways he describes it as â€Å"sitting there, wanting to find some way to let her know how I felt, but instead of doing so, I sat there with my mouth shut†(229,2,4) Feeling guilty for not speaking and standing up for that same person, then to find you will never... Free Essays on The Things They Carried THE THINGS THEY CARRIED I don’t believe that O'Brien is a coward for going to war, but the opposite, that he would be a coward for not going to war. I think the reason why he was going to go to Canada was because he doesn't believe in the cause and he thinks he is too talented a student to be forced into battle. Ultimately, he makes the decision to join the army because of what others will think of him, which is not the best reason why someone should go to war, but this shows he’s not a coward and he wouldn’t run away from his country. In "On the Rainy River," O'Brien thinks of his family, what will they think of him (past, present, future) if he doesn't join the war and he doesn't fight to defend his country. Also if he abandons the country, he will never be able to see them again. When O'Brien is fishing with the old man and he "sees" everyone he has ever known or will ever know "judging" him on his decision, he thinks that he is too much of a coward to go against tradition and go to Canada, but that is the opposite, he would be coward if he went to Canada. He is afraid of his family being ashamed or embarrassed by his flight, despite the fact that he truly seems to believe in his flight. O’Brien would not only let down his family and friends but the whole country. The U.S. needed help from the citizens they chose in the draft to go to Vietnam and help defend there fellow man and country, it doesn’t matter if you don’t believe in the war, you would make more of a difference in the world going to war then skipping out and going to another country. Also in this novel, we can notice that O’Brien does care what people think of him, he would be far more respected if he went to war, then if he didn’t. Also if he died in war, he would have died for our country which he has lived in his whole life. O’Brien believes he is a coward because he is going against his moral convictions (going to war). But that does no... Free Essays on The Things They Carried â€Å"The Things They Carried† is a short story by author Tim O’Brien. It is a fictional account of an American officer, Lieutenant Jimmy Cross, and his soldiers serving in Vietnam. The story begins with a description of the equipment the men are required or chose to carry with them as they patrol Vietnam. Interwoven in the story amidst the descriptions of the men’s possessions, fears, attitudes, is the story of how Ted Lavender, one of the men, dies. Jimmy is constantly daydreaming about a girl he loves, who does not love him. The platoon is ordered to go destroy a tunnel system near a village in Than Khe. After the tunnel was cleared, Tom Lavender is shot in the head while returning to the platoon after relieving himself. The central idea of the story is people who neglect their responsibilities often need to experience the results of their failure in order to change. The main character in this story is Lieutenant Jimmy Cross, who is a 22-year-old Army officer from New Jersey. He believes that he should not be leading his men. â€Å"†¦He could not bring himself to worry about matters of security. He was beyond that. He was just a kid at war, in love.† Jimmy is in love with Martha, a girl back home. He carries her letters and a stone she sent him for good luck and he often daydreams to escape the reality of war. â€Å"He carried the pebble in his mouth, turning it with his tongue, tasting the sea salts and moisture.† and â€Å"†¦but then he would slip away into daydreams, just pretending, walking barefoot along the Jersey shore, with Martha carrying nothing.† Jimmy also carries the weight of command and the responsibility for his men’s lives. After one of his men dies the author writes this. â€Å"Lieutenant Cross felt the pain. He blamed himself.† There are two main supporting characters, Martha and Te d Lavender. Martha is a junior a Mount Sebastian College in New Jersey. The lieutenant dated her a few times before he left for V... Free Essays on The Things They Carried The Things They Carried In, The Things They Carried, Tim O’Brien drifts away from the trendy war novel in which the author describes actions in an attempt to place the reader in the war. Instead, he focuses on the thoughts of the soldiers, the inner feelings, and small personal nuances in an attempt to place the reader in the men. In addition, he employs the stylistic technique of specific, conscious detail selection and utilizes connotative diction, allowing him to create a new literary art form. The splendor of the novel is in O’Brien’s ability to convey a multitude of ideas in so few pages, which he displays through and ensemble of motifs. One such motif, the â€Å"heart of darkness,† shows how the smoke from the war, both figuratively and literally, blackens the soldiers, burning their hearts to atramentous ash. O’Brien makes apparent the â€Å"heart of darkness† motif in Norman Bowker as he becomes hardened during his sojourn in Vietnam. Norman Bowker, describe d as â€Å"a very gentle person† (13), is inherently very good-natured. However, he â€Å"carried a thumb†¦dark brown, rubbery to the touch†¦cut from a VC corpse† (13). This image evokes a picture of a hard-mannered, emotionally devoid soldier, carrying a severed finger as a trophy, proud of his kill. The ardent imagery describing Bowker’s darkening indicates a psychological and emotional change. The vision of the callow corpse â€Å"badly burned, flies in its mouth† (13) sputters through Bowker, smoldering his soul. O’Brien states that the VC from Delaney 2 whom Bowker takes the thumb is â€Å"just a boy† (13), giving the image of an unfledged person who should not be subjected to the horrors of war. The connotation associated with â€Å"boy† enhances the pathos one feels for the dead soldier, which in turn enunciates Bowker’s ebony heart. Just before Bowker takes his own life, he tells O’Brien in a letter, â €Å"It’s almost like I got killed over in Nam†¦Hard... Free Essays on The Things They Carried It is difficult for the young adults of our generation to grasp the intensity of the mental anguish endured while engaged in militant combat, especially when we refer to the Wars of Korea and Vietnam. Several students rarely even cover the wars in History class. To that end, it is no surprise that cinema is the primary educator on the subject. However, movies are often dramatized or overly fictional and therefore undependable. Literature is the next source, and while it is an accurate depiction, it is simply too boring for the common student. Contradictory, Tim O’brien’s portrayal through metafiction, in the story The Things They Carried offers cinematic appeal and literary precision. The combination presents an illustration of the real human emotions of soldiers in the Vietnam War. In the stories’ beginning, we met Lieutenant Jimmy Cross, a romantic, who longed for his distant love, Martha. He carried (or â€Å"humped† as O’Brien respectively put it) with him letters from her; and while they weren’t love letters he obsessed over them as if they were. In one instance, she had sent him a pebble for good luck. His mind wandered into a dream of Martha walking along a shoreline with her beautiful bare feet exposed in the purest form. He went as far as to put the pebble in his mouth to enhance the dream with the taste of sea salt. â€Å"On occasion he would yell at his men†¦to keep their eyes open, but then he would slip away into daydreams†¦walking barefoot along the Jersey shore, with Martha†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (O’Brien 75) While mentally paralyzed by one of his fits, one of his men, Ted Lavender, was shot in the head. Following the gruesome death of Ted, Lt. Cross realized his negligence as a commander. He decided to extingu ish his foolish love for Martha by burning the letters and thus alleviated his mental malfunction; he was a soldier again. This fictional microcosm of the Vietnam War claims that while the soldiers faced apprehensive dan... Free Essays on The Things They Carried The Things They Carried – Tim O’Brien This story by Tim O’Brien takes you along with the soldiers of First Lieutenant Jimmy Cross’ platoon as they â€Å"hump [†¦] up the hills and through the swamps† (388) of the jungles in Vietnam. Each man carries the weapons of his trade and the equipment to do a soldier’s deed in war. â€Å"They carried all the emotional baggage of men who might die. Grief, terror, love, longing-these were intangibles, but the intangibles had their own mass and specific gravity, they had tangible weight† (O’Brien 396). Their plight, common to most soldiers who have experienced combat, was to endure the daily stresses of combat and all its associated physical and mental fatigues culminating in a flight home on â€Å"[†¦] that big silver freedom bird [†¦];† (O’Brien 397) if you happened to be one of the fortunate ones to make it through your tour without being killed. Not so fortunate was Ted Lavender who is killed while the platoon was on a mission to â€Å"[†¦] search out and destroy the elaborate tunnel complexes in the Than Khe area south of Chu Lai† (O’Brien 391). Among the many things that the typical platoon leader carries: â€Å"[†¦] a compass, maps, code books, binoculars, and a .45-caliber pistol [†¦]† (O’Brien 388), Lieutenant Cross carried the responsibility for Lavender’s death – an intangible and immeasurable weight. This would ultimately be the greatest burden that Lieutenant Cross would carry. Lieutenant Cross felt totally responsible for Lavender’s death and vowed â€Å"[†¦] to perform his duties firmly and without negligence† (O’Brien 398). By discarding the tangible items from his beloved Martha, including her letters and the two photographs, and finally, he would dispose of his good-luck pebble; this would remove some of the emotional burden s, as if to make room for the burden of Lavender’s death. The Things They Carried captures the physical and emotion...

Public and Private Language by Richard Rodriguez Article - 2

Public and Private Language by Richard Rodriguez - Article Example According to Rodriguez, being familiar with the public language is more advantages to the private language. He notes that lack of public language may deny an individual his/her self esteem; therefore, he emphasizes for a need of bilingual education especially for the persons who do not share the public language with their immediate surroundings. From his personal and family experience, Richard Rodriguez explains how language or confidence of expression in public affects personal confidence, especially in the social life. He perfectly achieves this claim by using different experiences especially his personal experience and the experience his father had once they (his sister, brother, and himself) had perfected the public language. According to Rodriguez, he had no confidence in the classroom nor could he play or associate with neighborhood kids. Since his siblings and Rodriguez could not communicate freely with others, they come home too early and could lock themselves indoors unlike when they had been acquainted with the public language. Additionally, he perfectly rotates the events and they (children of the family) become fluent to the language than their parents. Rodriguez notes that as they became fluent in English to their private language, things started changing in their family as their parents started having difficulties in communicating with them. Hence, their parents especially his father opted to remain silent whenever the public language speakers were in the house. To denote how language affects an individual’s public confidence or individuality, Rodriguez compares his father’s communication and confidence levels when interacting with fallow Spanish and when interacting with the public. Rodriguez states that his father grew quiet in the house, a situation that his mother relates to his father’s childhood life. He notes that his mother explained that both of his father’s â€Å"parents died when he (his father) was eight. H e was raised by an uncle who treated him as little more than a menial servant. He was never encouraged to speak. He grew up alone; a man of few words (Rodriguez 54).† However, Rodriguez emphases that this silence is nothing to do with his father’s childhood experiences, but to the power of language that brings the confidence of communication and interaction with other persons. Rodriguez noted his father was neither shy nor few of words. For instance, Rodriguez says that when his father was using Spanish and interacting with fellow Spanish men, â€Å"he was quickly effusive. Especially when talking with other men, his voice would spark, flicker, flare alive with sounds. In Spanish, he expressed ideas and feelings he rarely revealed in English. With firm Spanish sounds, he conveyed confidence and authority; qualities English could have never revealed in him (Rodriguez 54).† It is worth noting that using the above experience as examples indicate how perfectly Rodrig uez has managed in developing ideas in supporting his theme. It is worth noting that Rodriguez in his article tries to address varied audients both young and old. The only main concern he had is to communicate the power of public language that he wants everybody to develop. However, he also addresses the necessity of sticking to some of the private languages. In different occasions, he did meet or encounter persons who reminded him of his youthful days when he had not been Americanized.

Different Difficulties in Learning Children Essay

Different Difficulties in Learning Children - Essay Example In fact, he elaborates that such children need help in learning to do their own chores or paying closer attention to something important. Gates (2008) provides a more practical explanation of learning disability by saying that children with such difficulties cannot understand, learn, and communicate in comparison to other children. The normal procedure in which our brain processes information is extremely complex. In situations such as viewing an image or speaking, the brain has to process several tasks including retrieving information from memory, recognizing the data to transmit and processing the information to either store in memory or invoke the auditory parts for communication. Most of these activities occur at various locations in the brain, sometimes in a simultaneous fashion. The task of linking up and associating these various segments is the responsibility of our brain. In the case of people with learning disabilities, the only difference is with regards to the different m anner in which their brains process information unlike the case with other individuals. Thomas (2003) says that people with learning disabilities are not handicapped or lazy. Instead, he contends that they tend to have at least an average level of intelligence. Their difficulties simply arise from the different ways in which their brains process information. A broader scientific explanation to this phenomenon is explained by the four stages of information processing (Input, Integration, Storage and Output) under which learning disabilities are categorized. While people with input disabilities have problems with visual and auditory perception, individuals with integration difficulties are unable to categorize and interpret information from the input stage based on previous learning. Some learning difficulties occur in the later stages due to issues in retaining long-term memory.  Several cases of learning disability occur much later during the information-processing scenario due to factors like muscle inhibition and lack of necessary motor skills.

Constructs of Orientalism and Stereotyping Eastern Women

Constructs of Orientalism and Stereotyping Eastern Women According to Edward Said, the West constructs a notion of the East as â€Å"other,† through orientalism which turns the East into a place to be feared or desired as an image of the Wests imagined â€Å"otherness.† as noted in the work of Peter Brooks Mahabarata, and contemporary films like we have seen in Avatar, or of practitioners that subvert and challenge orientalist perception found in the West, as we have seen in M Butterfly. Through an examination of performance from at least two different cultures, show how the theatre is used to either exotify the other in a kind of â€Å"Oriental Gaze,† and the work of other contemporary practitioners who wish to challenge these â€Å"otherings† of a culture. Introduction The phenomenon of orientalism in art and literature is one of the most historical and cultural phenomena. The idea of orientalism played an important role in literature of the eighteenth- and nineteenth-century in Europe, It was more widely referring to the portraying of the East by Western artists, as the fascination with the orient influenced many of the romantic writers who situated novels and poetry about the mysterious Eastern lands and also dazzled many famous painters who were surprised and impressed by the charm and beauty of the East. These painters translated that fascination in their paintings using many methods, while some of them painted what they actually saw and experienced in the East, others painted their imagination about the myths and magical tales of the mysterious East. The East became an interesting destination for travellers, many of whom went on to write about and paint their experiences in the exotic lands among unfamiliar peoples and customs. In arts in gene ral, the orient became associated with beautiful landscapes, eroticism and mystery. Many scholars place the beginning of postcolonial studies in history, literature, philosophy, anthropology, and arts at the publication of Saids orientalism, published in 1978. Said focuses his attention in this work on the interplay between the Occident which refer to the West and the Orient, which refer to the East. In this essay I will explore the meaning of the other and otherness from the perspective of the European gaze. I will try to find out how the west sees the east by focusing on their image of the eastern women through theatre as it is one of the important arts that reflect the community gazes, by analyzing the â€Å"Veil† symbol and it representation through Oscar wild play â€Å"Salome† and the â€Å"Fan† symbol through Puccinis opera â€Å"M. Butterfly†. As well as I will show how some practitioners subvert and challenge orientalist perception in the West and also how they sometimes fall victims to the stereotyping in the middle east of the challenges. Orientalism Orientalism broadly defined, as the representation of the Eastern world by the western world, more deeply, as the study of the Orient by western scholars and their evaluation of its social and moral values, and its future prospects. The beginning of oriantalism perception was in the 19th century by scholars who translated some writings of the East into English, in order to know more about the Eastern cultures which will empower the west with knowledge of how to conquer and defeat the Eastern countries (Sered, 1996). By the mid-19th century oriental studies expanded and became important to many scholars. However, racist attitudes and stereotypes have become inherent to this cultural movement. The West saw the Eastern art and literature as exotic and inferior to their ideals. Many critical theorists pointed out that there is much that can be learned about the Wests image of itself through the way Western writers have portrayed the orient The idea of the oriental as the â€Å"Other,† or the mysterious unknown, reflects the European concerns about ones own identity (Byington, 2001). Orientalism is a way of thinking about the East as strange, exotic, dark, mysterious, erotic and dangerous, and has helped the West to define itself through this contrasting image. The west had always seen the East as inferior and to rationalize the colontiastion of the East, they had to define eastern people as despotic or stagnant and in need of Christianizing, civilizing or controls (Hà ¼binette, 2002). Edward Said and Orientalism Orientalism is a style of thought based upon an ontological and epistemological distinction made between the Orient and (most of the time) the Occident†¦ In short, Orientalism as a Western style for dominating, restructuring, and having authority over the Orient. (Said, 1978) The most influential critique on orientalism came in 1978 with Edward Said. He managed to attack the oriental perception not only to our notions of the ways in which the West constructs representations and portraitures the East but, to how the ideology of Othering is facilitated through Art and literature in his book â€Å"Orientalism†. According to Said, the West has created a â€Å"dichotomy† between the reality of the East and the romantic notion of the Orient. The Middle East and Asia are viewed with prejudice and racism. The West has created a culture, history, and future promise for the East. On this framework rests not only the study of the Orient, but also the political imperialism of Europe in the East. He discussed the dialectical relationship between Occident and Orient as is a manifestation of â€Å"us versus them† (Said 1978). Said argued that Orient and Occident worked as oppositional terms, so that the Orient was constructed as a negative inversion of Western culture. He studied many works of European scholars and writers specialized in the peoples of the Middle East in order to denounce the relations of power between the colonizer and the colonized in their texts. Said thinks that by knowing the Orient, the West came to own it. So according to Said, it is imperialism which motivated orientalism. Without imperialism, westerners would never have study near and Far-Eastern societies and culture (Sered, 1996). Said asserts that according to the Occidentals, the Orientals had no history or culture independent of their colonial masters. Orientalism is more an indicator of the power the West holds over the Orient, than about the Orient itself. After Said, numerous studies have been published on the different orientalisms of the West that various countries and cultures of Asia have suffered. Among many orientalists, Said ´s book provoked angry and sometimes even hateful responses, while others declared themselves ready for a fundamental change of attitude towards Asia and the Asians, their objects of study. Said ´s theory of orientalism has also provided feminists and post-colonial theorists with a general method of understanding the nature of oppression (Hà ¼binette, 2002) Said argued that the West has stereotyped the East in art and literature, since antiquity such as the composition of The Persians by Aeschylus so in modern times, Europe had dominated Asia politically that even the most outwardly objective Western texts on the East were permeated with a bias that Western scholars could not recognize. Western scholars appropriated the task of exploration and interpretation of the Orients languages, history and culture for themselves, with the implication that the East was not capable of composing its own narrative. They have written Asias past and constructed its modern identities from a perspective that takes Europe as the norm, from which the exotic, inscrutable Orient deviates. Said concluded that Western writings about the Orient depict it as an irrational, weak, feminised Other, contrasted with the rational, strong, masculine West, a contrast he suggests derives from the need to create difference between West and East that can be attributed to immutable essences in the Oriental make-up. A mean of expressing cultural and social identity The term oriantalism was increasingly used by sociologists and other scholars since the 1990s, to refer to ethnocentrism, stereotyping, and cultural representations of the Eastern societies (Chua, 2008). Orientalism became a way of thinking about the world and the cultures that inhabit it. It acquires global significance through the identification and provision of these cultures in ways that support, even promote, on a political and economic superiority of the West. Edward Said, pointed out in his definition of Orientalism that the Orient is â€Å"almost a European invention, a place of romance, exotic beings, haunting memories and landscapes, remarkable experiences† (Said, 1978). He also pointed that the Orient helped the West to define itself, as it consider to be a contrasting image in terms of people, ideas, experiences, etc. As Orientalism lives on in the academic world, many writers, ideologues, journalists, political, historians, poets, painters, moviemakers and others contributed to the Orientalist vision of the world, they justify that by the impossibility of studying the Orient, without being influenced by Orientalism. The other and the otherness The other can be defined as the image outside oneself, each different yet somehow the same and, therefore, connected by their reflection. It can also be understood within the double of self and can be seen as organizing the very existence of individual subjects. While otherness is the condition of being different from that otherwise experienced or known (1). The term The other is usually used by social, ethical, cultural, or literary critics, they use this term in order to understand the social and psychological ways in which one group excludes or marginalizes another group. By using the term â€Å"other†, the persons begin to notice the dissimilarity from another, and this is usually shown in the way they represent others, especially through stereotypical images. The West used these terms to identify what they didnt understand about the Eastern culture as the contemporary preoccupation with other and otherness in the west which represents a concern for personal identity. But in order to understand the Eastern culture they had to exclude them from the normality and surrounding them with mystic cloud thus the focusing on â€Å"otherness† became a way of understanding the cultures differences more than similarities ((Portis, 2009). Portrayal of the Orient in arts In the nineteenth century, when more artists travelled to the Middle East, they began representing more numerous scenes of Oriental culture. In many of these works, they portrayed the Orient as exotic, colourful and sensual. Such works typically concentrated on the Middle East countries. French artists such as Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres who painted many work portraying the Middle East culture. When Ingres, painted a highly coloured vision of a Turkish bath, he made his eroticized Orient publicly acceptable by his diffuse generalizing of the female forms. Even so, in contrast to Eugà ¨ne Delacroix who had visited an Algerian harem in person which after he painted the Algerian harem, Ingres never travelled to Africa or the Middle East to see such subjects in person, and the courtesans shown are more Caucasian and European than Middle Eastern or African in appearance. For Ingres the oriental theme was above all a pretext for portraying the female nude in a passive and sexual context. Exotic elements are few and far between in the image musical instruments, a censer and a few ornaments (Elif, 2008). In Theatre, Madam Butterfly and Mikado are considering examples to the oriental perception to the Far East. As Gilbert and Sullivan in Mikado and Puccinis Madam Butterfly -which is based on a short story written by John Luther Long and dramatized by David Belasco- depict Japanese culture musically and dramatically. They used Western musical views of Japanese and Oriental music in both plays as well as they used the western stereotyping of the Japanese people as the costumes, white faces, hair design, etc. without presenting the true nature of this culture. These performances played on stereotypical Western views of the Far East in general and the Japanese culture in particular. Moreover, in movies, Arabs were largely romanticized and viewed as exotic and part of an alluring orientalism during the 1940s. The rich Arab in robes became a more popular theme, especially during the oil crisis of the 1970s. In the 1990s the Arab terrorist became a common villain figure in Western movies. The images of women in East Many scholars who wrote about or painted the East didnt really visit or experienced the Eastern culture, they just interpreted what they imagined, that inherent the image of the Eastern people, in particular the women, with stereotyping. Asian women have been portrayed as prostitutes, aggressive, opportunistic sexual beings and predatory gold diggers using their feminine to get what they want (Hofstede, 1996). Also Arab women were usually portrayed as exotic belly dancers or mute, subservient, and repressed. Western film and literature has continually portrayed such stereotypes of Eastern women. Stereotypes of Asian women There are lots of terms portraying the stereotyping of the Asian women such as the â€Å"Dragon Lady† which was portrayed as a strong, cold and ferocious woman who was knowledgeable in the art of sexual pleasure unknown to the Western world. Another is the â€Å"China Doll† stereotype which portrays Asian women as subservient, compliant and anxious to please. It also identified all Asian women as Chinese. From the perspective of the west, Asian women are meant to be seen and played with as a doll. In Western culture, The â€Å"Geisha† is seen as a prostitute or sex entertainer, this stereotype indicates that Eastern women are valued and used for their bodies for aesthetic pleasure. On the contrary, a Geisha in Japanese culture is a kind of an artist. They are trained in developing certain social skills such as dancing, singing, tea-making, conversing and serving to be an artistic entertainer not prostitute (Prasso, 2005). Also there are other terms refer of stere otyping the Asian women suggesting that they are sexually available to foreign white men as â€Å"Yellow cab†, â€Å"Sarong party girl and Comfort Women There is lots of stereotyping to the Asian women from the western perspective that harmed their identity; all these stereotypes perceptions depended on how the West misunderstands the East, Asian women are usually portrayed as beautiful, sexually available, exotic, and loyal but submissive. According to Elaine Kim a Professor of Asian American Studies, the stereotype of Asian women as submissive has hindered Asian womens economic mobility. Stereotypes of the Middle East women From decades, separation between nations and individuals has been maintained by very powerful symbolic boundaries leads us, symbolically, to close ranks culture and to stigmatize and expel anything which is defined as impure, strangely attractive precisely because it is forbidden, taboo, threatening to cultural order (Hall, 1997). Since the first contacts with the Arab world, the West has developed a set of stereotypes depicting Arabs as uncivilized and violent. As with the spread of colonization during the 19th century, an organized scholarship devoted to the representation of ‘Otherness emerged as a defining moment in this cross-cultural history (Hirchi, 2007). The stereotypical representations of Arabs and Muslims are often manifested in literature, media, theatre and other creative expressions. Arabs and Muslims in TV and movies are often involving themes associated with violence. As the words â€Å"Muslim† or â€Å"Arab† is connected with the image terrorist and bomb-making or sometimes refer to the wealthy oilmen. An Arab woman is usually represented, a belly dancer, sex objects, whore, terrorist or subservient, imprisoned behind a veil of powerlessness (Shaheen, 1988). Even in cartoons which is consider to be aimed at children is full of negative images of Arab women which portray them as belly dancers, exotic and harem girls, (Wingfield and Karaman, 1995). These stereotypes dont only harm the psychological and cultural part of the Eastern civilisation but also helps dehumanizing a group first before attacking it (Qumsiyeh, 1998). Salome as a representative of the Arab women For decades Salome figure has became a representation of the Arab women. The west used to see the Arab women evil, seductive, belly dancers, nudes and that was shown in lots of arts work of that time which is considers stereotyping to the Arab women. The origin of Salome story and her famous dance came from the Bible: But at a birthday party for Herod, Herodias daughter performed a dance that greatly pleased him, so he vowed to give her anything she wanted. Consequently, at her mothers urging, the girl asked for John the Baptists head on a tray. The king was grieved, but because of his oath, and because he didnt want to back down in front of his guests, he issued the necessary orders. (Matthew 14:6-11) Herodias chance finally came. It was Herods birthday and he gave a stag party for his palace aides, army officers, and the leading citizens of Galilee. Then Herodias daughter came in and danced before them and greatly pleased them all. Ask me for anything you like, the king vowed, even half of my kingdom, and I will give it to you! She went out and consulted her mother, who told her, Ask for John the Baptists head! So she hurried back to the king and told him, I want the head of John the Baptist right now on a tray! Then the king was sorry, but he was embarrassed to break his oath in front of his guests. So he sent one of his bodyguards to the prison to cut off Johns head and bring it to him. The soldier killed John in the prison, and brought back his head on a tray, and gave it to the girl and she took it to her mother. (Mark 6:21-28) In reading the Biblical description, we find out that there is no specification of the kind of dance Herodias daughter did. Nothing claim that her dance involved veils, or the removal of clothing, or seduction. Actually there is no proof in the bible story that the death of John the Baptist is linked to the seductive seven veils striptease. In 1891, Oscar Wilde wrote his play Salomà © based on the origin story in the bible. Wildes play portrays Salomà © as an evil character who becomes obsessed with John the Baptist (Elliot, 2002). Herod: Do not rise, my wife, my queen, it will avail thee nothing. I will not go within till she hath danced. Dance, Salomà ©, dance for me. Herodias: Do not dance my daughter. Salomà ©: I am ready, Tetrarch. [Salomà © dances the dance of the seven veils.] (Wilde, 1891) The script of the play does not specify that the dance must be seductive or a consisting any striptease of veils. In the beginning of the 20th century, the fascination with the Middle East become at its peak, the writers and painters saw the story of John the Baptist as a good example of the orient from their perspectives the story had all the elements that make for public interest sexual overtones as murder, politics and the seductive dance. However, the dance of the seven veils has never been a part of Middle Eastern dance traditions, and is not performed in the Middle East today. But it was invented by western, and has been preserved for entertainment reasons. The veil which is just only a piece of cloth is marked as a part of mystery and myth. It is both part of the culture and the imaginations of people in the East. The veil and the harem symbols have always fascinated the Western people. They were prevented from seeing and communicating with Arab women and that produced feelings of frustration and aggressive behaviour. Furthermore, the veil has provided men with the fantasy of exotic and erotic experiences with the beauty behind the veil (Mabro, 1991). In the Middle East, the veil was and still is a modesty garment which is worn to protect a respectable Muslim woman from the prying eyes of male strangers. May be it is used in some dance performance but without the incorporate removal of seven veils until the dancer stands totally nude. To conclude Salome is seen as an oriental misrepresentation to the Middle East women from the perspective of the Western. This misrepresentation have harmed the image of the true nature of the Middle Eastern women as they were seen as evil, belly dancers, seductive and nude with no respect to their own identity and religion. And the veil become associated to that mis representation as it become a seductive tool linked with nudity. M. Butterfly as a representative of the Asian women â€Å"Female sacrifice narratives can be traced back to biblical tales like the story of Ruth, who gives up everything for the sake of her husband who has a culture and religion different from her own. In America Pocahontas tales, which call for the sacrifice of the woman of color for the sake of white men, have been common. However, the Japanese Madame Butterfly has become the best known modern manifestation of this type of narrative.† (Marchetti, 1993) Madame Butterfly is an opera by Giacomo Puccini. He based his opera in part on the short story Madame Butterfly (1898) by John Luther Long, which was dramatized by David Belasco. Puccini also based it on the novel Madame Chrysanthà ¨me (1887) by Pierre Loti. Puccinis Madame Butterfly is a tragic story of love, betrayal and a young mother ultimate sacrifice. It is a story and myth lies at the heart of Western perceptions of Japanese women as passive, selfless, and dedicated completely to their husbands and families. The work reveals numerous stereotypes and prejudices of the Western world concerning oriental culture. It become an icon and myth of the Japanese woman as the ideal of loving self-sacrificing, devoted wife to a Western husband. â€Å"Despite the changes and the increasing independence of Japanese women in the nineties, the dated Western stereotypes of Japanese women remain firmly entrenched in print, broadcasted, and film media. In the latter, especially, Japanese women are still routinely depicted with painted faces and geisha attire†¦.The prototype for all of these images was Cio-Cio-San in Puccinis Madame Butterfly†¦ This classic portrayal has no doubt had a long-lasting effect on the psyche of Western males. The compliance and gentleness attributed to Japanese women have long struck a responsive chord in men used to self-assertive, confrontational, and independent Western women† (Ma, 1996) There are lots of visual elements in this performance that contributed in the stereotyping process of the Asian women as the hair style, white face makeup, scenograph of the place and most important, the costumes which are the kimonos of the main character of the play, Madam butterfly. The west attempts to understand Japan through the metaphor of the kimono. The kimono was inherent to the Asian culture for decades. There are many types and styles of kimono which are worn depending of the formality of the occasion, the age of the wearer, their marital status, time of day, and time of season. In addition to colours and styles, the way kimono is worn differs between whether it is a single or married woman. All of these factors come into play when deciding what kimono is appropriate to wear and how to wear it which means that the kimono is not just a dress but its a culture. The West has treated this culture by great contempt, as any shape of kimono represent the Asian women regardless this kimono culture. (Goldstein , 1999) To conclude, Madam Butterfly helped stereotyping Asian women by surrounding them by the fence of isolation. It has become a representation of the cultural identity and a misrepresentation associated with submission, fragility, and femininity. And by dealing with the kimono as a representation symbol of that culture it became associated to these concepts. As if Madame Butterfly didnt wear the kimono a lots of concepts and stereotyping perception could change. Contemporary representation History reveals that western arts have humiliated, demonized, and eroticized Arab women. These images inherited and embellished western pre-existing Arab stereotypes. In the 18th and 19th centurys western artists and writers offered fictional renditions of women as bathed and submissive exotic object. The stereotype came to be accepted as valid, becoming an indelible part of European popular culture. Nowadays the Arab women in western arts still trapped in the siege of being veiled, silent or a terrorist. While the Asian women representation changed a little as female characters in movies or TV dramas have shifted from obedient weak girls to strong, intelligent, working women. David Henry Hwang change attempt in his M. Butterfly David Henry Hwang is a contemporary Asian American playwright his play is a deconstruction of Puccinis opera Madame Butterfly. Hwang play shows that gender roles provide people with an identity based on determining the â€Å"other† and being the opposite. The actual categories of what we consider to be male and female exist only in our minds as ways to identify ourselves. Madame Butterfly is not just a story about love relations or the homosexuality; it is more than that where it raises themes as sexuality, ethnicity, imperialism and race. Madame Butterfly is consider one of the most important play in terms of challenging the political, social and cultural identities of the West over the last decade, This play forces its Western audience to deal differently with Eastern stereotypes involving sexual orientation, gender, and culture, especially those stereotypes issued by the myth of Orientalism (Burns Hunter, 2005). In Hwang play, the reason that Gallimard failed to discern that his lover was a man can be attributed to the cultural stereotype imposed by the West on the East. The West thinks of itself as masculine while it regards the East as feminine, â€Å"weak, delicate, poor but good at art, and full of inscrutable wisdom — the feminine mystique.† (Hwang, 1988).The West expects Oriental women to be submissive to Western men. Also the themes of racism and sexism are linked. Thus, even Eastern men are feminized. As Song puts it, â€Å"being an Oriental, I could never be completely a man.† At the end of the play, the Hwang reversed the roles of Gallimard and Song; he began to demolish the racial and sexual stereotypes that he has been steadily exposing from the beginning. Gallimard, exploited, loving, betrayed, becomes like Butterfly, while Song is revealed not only as a man but also as a deceiver like Pinkerton in Puccinis Madame Butterfly who was never what he appeared to be. He wanted to show the Western audience that stereotypes are not only dangerous, they are also false. Conclusion It is important to say that the East had fascinated the Western and became a new source of inspiration for the artists, as painting, literature, theatre, movies and other creative arts. A new artistic movement, Orientalism, was born from this fascination. However, Orientalism in the 19th century was not always representative of what and how the East really was. Many distortions and stereotypes existed, and that led to some criticisms from scholars like Edward Said who didnt agree of how the west stereotype the East without real understands to the Eastern cultures. The West treated the East as inferiors in order to have the right to colonize them; their justification was that the East has to be civilized by the hand of the West. The stereotypical images of the Eastern women which was and still promoted by the Western media has a great effect on the culture image in general and the economic mobility in particular, as this stereotyping had harmed the tourism in the Middle East as it a t errorist countries as well as created the sex tourism in the Far East it exotic countries.